Fig. 2
From: Estrogens, phytoestrogens and colorectal neoproliferative lesions
Estrogen receptors non-genomic pathways. Palmitoylation of cytosolic ERs (ERs + palmitate) allows them to localize at the plasma membrane where they associate with caveolin-1 (CAV). Upon estradiol (E2) stimulation, ER-α is de-palmitoylated and dissociated from caveolin-1, stimulating signals of cell proliferation. On the contrary, after binding to ER-β, E2 increases the association of the receptorial complex with caveolin-1 and p38 (a member of the MAPK family), in order to promote apoptosis