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Fig. 2 | Genes & Nutrition

Fig. 2

From: How do bifidobacteria counteract environmental challenges? Mechanisms involved and physiological consequences

Fig. 2

Main molecular mechanisms involved in the response of bifodobacteria to different stresses. a Bile is detoxified from the cytoplasm by the activity of bile efflux pumps and/or multidrug transporters. Conjugated bile acids are deconjugated by the bile salt hydrolase (BSH), although the relationship of this enzyme with the resistance to bile is unclear. b Finally, both bile and heat shock induce protein aggregation and misfolding, which is counteracted by the action of chaperones and proteases. c The F1F0-ATPase is used by bifidobacteria for counteracting the cytoplasm acidification that occurs in acidic environments. In addition, production of branched-chain amino acids is coupled with glutamine deamination, rendering ammonia that acts as a cytoplasmic buffer

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