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Table 6 Overview of human studies that demonstrate an association between extra-intestinal disease and compositional dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota

From: Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics

Study material

Population

Analytical methods

References

Atopic and allergic diseases

Faeces

27 Allergic children

36 Non-allergic children

Conventional culturing

Björkstén et al. (1999)

Faeces (5 time points)

18 Infants who developed allergy

26 Infants who remained non-allergic

Conventional culturing

Björkstén et al. (2001)

Faeces (2 time points)

76 Infants at high risk for atopic disease

Conventional culturing

FISH

Kalliomäki et al. (2001)

Faeces (2/3 time points)

27 Infants with atopic dermatitis

10 Infants without atopic dermatitis

Conventional culturing

FISH

Kirjavainen et al. (2001)

Faeces

30 Children with atopic dermatitis

68 Children without atopic dermatitis

Conventional culturing

Watanabe et al. (2003)

Faeces

957 Infants

qPCR

Penders et al. (2007)

Faeces

20 Allergic children

20 Non-allergic children

DGGE

Štšepetova et al. (2007)

Faeces (3 time points)

10 Allergic infants

16 Non-allergic infants

qPCR

Suzuki et al. (2007)

Faeces

37 Infants with atopic dermatitis

24 Infants without atopic dermatitis

TGGE

FISH/flow cytometry

Gore et al. (2008)

Faeces

15 Infants who developed atopic dermatitis

20 Infants who remained without atopic dermatitis

T-RFLP

TGGE

Wang et al. (2008)

Faeces (3 time points)

16 Infants who developed allergy

31 Infants who remained non-allergic

qPCR

Sjögren et al. (2009)

Autism

Faeces

Stomach contents

Small intestine contents

13 Autistic children

8 Non-autistic children

Conventional culturing

16S rRNA gene sequencing

Finegold et al. (2002)

Faeces

15 Autistic children

8 Non-autistic children

qPCR

Song et al. (2004)

Faeces

58 Autistic children

12 Non-autistic siblings

10 Non-autistic children

FISH

Parracho et al. (2005)

Faeces

33 Autistic children

7 Non-autistic siblings

8 Non-autistic children

454 FLX titanium sequencing (16S)

Finegold et al. (2010)

Diabetes type 2

Faeces

16 Type 2 diabetic patients

12 Non-diabetic individuals

DGGE

qPCR

Wu et al. (2010)

Faeces

18 Type 2 diabetic patients

18 Non-diabetic individuals

qPCR

454 FLX titanium sequencing (16S)

Larsen et al. (2010)

Rheumatoid arthritis

Faeces

51 Patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

50 Patients with fibromyalgia

FISH/flow cytometry

Vaahtovuo et al. (2008)

  1. DGGE denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, FISH fluorescence in situ hybridisation, qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction, T-RFLP terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism, TGGE temperature gradient gel electrophoresis