Table 1 Differentially expressed biological processes and key genes in response to diet imbalance

Liver

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, β oxidation, fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, insulin signaling, glucose regulation, lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, PPAR signaling, bile acid metabolism, steroid hormone metabolism, proteasome, the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, peroxisome, metabolism amino acids, cytokine receptor interactions, cell differentiation, immune response, inflammatory pathways (Chang et al. 2014; de Fourmestraux et al. 2004; Inoue et al. 2005; Kim et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2012; Matsui et al. 2005; Miller et al. 2013; Nojima et al. 2013a; Patsouris et al. 2006; Waller-Evans et al. 2013a, b; Xia et al. 2014)

Sucrose: Lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, steroid metabolism, transcription, cell cycle, apoptosis, signal transduction, redox control, immune response (Nojima et al. 2013b)

Fructose: Lipid metabolism (fatty acid metabolism, biosynthesis of steroids, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, FA elongation in mitochondria, bile acid synthesis), cell cycle regulation (Oster et al. 2012a, b)

Adipose

Inflammatory response, response to external stimulus, immune system, lipid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and transport, triglyceride cycling, TCA cycle, PPAR signaling, leukocyte activation, toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, mitochondrial biogenesis, cell differentiation (Ding et al. 2013; Koza et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2012; Matsui et al. 2005; Morine et al. 2013)

–

Muscle

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, β oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis, Cytokine signaling, inflammatory response, protein metabolism and modification, nucleic acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, phosphorylation of insulin signaling protein kinase B, cell differentiation (de Fourmestraux et al. 2004; de Wilde et al. 2009; Latouche et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2012; Oh and Yun 2012; Sparks et al. 2005)

–

Gastrointestinal tract

Immunity, lipid and fatty acid metabolism, signal transduction, olfaction (Cui et al. 2009; Primeaux et al. 2013)

–

Islet/pancreas

Cell cycle/growth/proliferation, inflammation/immune response, ER stress, extracellular matrix (Barbosa-Sampaio et al. 2013; Roat et al. 2014; Sims et al. 2013)

Sucrose: Apoptosis, cell cycle, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and lipid metabolism (Wolden-Kirk et al. 2014)

Hypothalamus

Transcription, neuropeptide signaling, cell adhesion, glucose homeostasis, regulation of glucose sensitivity and transport, corticotrophin releasing hormone (Dearden and Balthasar 2014; Lee et al. 2010)

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